Hoang Ngoc Hien, "Ve mot dac diem van hoc nghe thuat o ta trong giai doan vua qua", Van Nghe, June 9, 1979. A rich analysis of Chau and Hien controversial affair is provided by Nguyen Mong Giac, "Su phan khang cua van nghe si Viet Nam duoi che do cong san", Van Hoc, (California, May 1985, pp. 24-39.
67. The writer of this paper had read a samizdat copy of Thi's banned play, "Nguyen Trai o Dong Quan", circulated in Ho Chi Minh City in 1981. According to Amnesty International, poet Bui Hoang Cam was arrested in August 1982 "alter having allegedly attempted to send a collection of his verse, banned since 1958, out of the country". cf (Amnesty International Report 1984), p. 269.
68.	This will be a future research project for this author.
69. First formulated by Hoang Ngoc Hien in his article publislied in the People's Army daily, cf. Quan Doi Nhan Dan, July 6, 1980, the Russian saying became a choice morsel of word of mouth communication among the creative elite until ils re-emphasis in Duong Thu Huong's celebrated speech during the meeting with Nguyen Van Linh, cf. note 56.
70. Cf. "Van hoc trong giai doan cach mang moi", op- cit, especially the opinions of Bui Huy Phon, Vu Quan Phuong, Xuan Quynh, Thanh Thao, Nguyen Kien, Nguyen Khac Phe, pp. 212--219, 225-227, 235-236.
71. Both novels would later be awarded the most prestigious literary prizes.
72. About the liberation of the economic mechanism, cf. Vo Nhan Tri, "Vietnam: the Third Five-Year Plan", Indochina Report, No. 4 (Singapore: Information & Resource Center), October-December, 1985.
73. The first published by the publishing house of the Writers' Union branch in Ho Chi Minh City (nha xuat ban Van Nghe thanh pho Ho Chi Minh) and the second sponsored by the Women' Union publishing house (Phu Nu).
74. Nguyen thi Ngoc Tu, Hat Mua Sau, Hanoi: Thanh Nien, 1984. The literary renewal of this period will be officially praised later for ils initiative in confronting social and moral issues, cf. Bui Hien remark during the colloquy organized by Tap chi Cong San, on March 9, 1988 reprinted in Tap chi Cong San, April 1988, pp. 57-58.
75. The topic will be fully examined in a future paper, cf. note 68.
76. Cf. Duc Kon, San Khau, phe binh-tieu luan, (Ho Chi Minh City: Truong Nghe Thuat San Khau, 1986), pp. 152-161.
77. Cf. Sophie Quinn- Judge, "Life stirs in Vietnam's cowed literary world", FEER, February 27, 1986, pp. 3637.
78. Cf. notes 95, 96 below.
79. Van Nghe, January 17, 1987. 80.	Cf. note 52.
81.	Cf. note 11.
82. Pham The My, "De co tac pham lot", Saigon Giai Phong, May 4, 1986.
83.	Cf. note 52.
84. Cf. the literary commentary of Nam Chi, "Van nghe va Kinh te", Doan Ket (Paris), May 1988, pp. 25-26; with his pertinent remark on the pressures of economic hardship vis-a-vis the ordinary Vietnamese woman.
85. Nguyen Huy Thiep's short masterpiece appeared in Van Nghe, June 20,1987, and received many laudatory reviews from the enthusiastic critics and readers, cf. Van Nghe, September 5, and 12, 1987.
86. The most talked-about piece of literary reportage depicted the unhappy fate of an inventive technician whose lite and career were ruined because of bureaucratic interference, cf. Tran Huy Quang, "Loi khaicua bi can", Van Nghe, September 12, 1987. As famous as Quang's story, is Phung Gia Loc's grim description of the underdogs' existence in the countryside under the rule of the "lords", cf. "Cai dem hom ay ... dem gi?", Van Nghe, January 1988.
87. Cf. the commentary on the exhibit in Van Nghe, May 16, 1987.
88. A keen analysis of Thuy's films is written by a Vietnamese living in France, cf. Bao Tam, "1987: La Reconstitution du pays Reel", Doan Ket (Paris), May 1988, pp. 42-44.
89. Cf. the interview of Tran Quoc Vuong by the magazine Dat Viet (Canada), January 2, 1987, pp. 18-22. Cf. also Nguyen Hong Phong, 'Truyen thong va Hien dai", Dat Viet (Canada), November 1987, pp. 27-31.
90. Cf. Ha Van Tan, "Lich su, su that va su hoc", To Quoc, January 1, 1988.
91. A conference on "The National Character" was organized by the Institute of Educational Science and the participants' papers were reprinted in To Quoc, August 1987.
92. Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality, (New York: Doubleday Anchor Book, 1967), p. 123.
93.	ibid. p. 121.
94. There are plenty of orthodox legitimations of the Party's ideology, cf. for example Hoang Xuan Nhi, 'Tim hieu duong loi van nghe cua Dang" (Hanoi: VAn Hoc, 1975) and Hoang Trinh, Ha Minh Duc, Le Ba Han, Vu Duc Phuc, "Phan dau sang tao theo duong loi van nghe cua Dang (Hanoi: Su That, 1986).
95. The most outspoken critics of the ideological bureaucrats were Nguyen Dang Manh, "Phe binh van hoc trong tinh hinh moi", Van Nghe, August 29, 1987, Le Dinh Ky, "On cu de doi moi", Van Nghe, September 19, 1987, Nguyen Minh Chau cf, note 58, Nguyen Khac Vien cf. note 11, and Duong Thu Huong cf. note 56.
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Oct-Dec 1990	Indochina Report 25